ABSTRACT Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects quality of life in children and adolescents, extending into adulthood. The literature indicates that the practice of physical activity and physical exercise establishes positive benefits for the human body at a physical, biological and psychological level. Objective: To examine the effects of physical activity or physical exercise interventions on quality of life in children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. Material and Methods: The search for research was carried out through Google Scholar, Scopus, Pubmed, Scielo, Web of Science, Dialnet and Redalyc, selecting only open access research in Spanish. The last 5 years were considered for the analysis of the research; they were searched using the words: Physical Activity and Quality of life in children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, Physical Exercise and Quality of life in children and adolescents with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, Physical Activity and Quality of life in children and adolescents with ADHD, Physical Exercise and Quality of life in children and adolescents with ADHD. Development: The 8 articles selected and extracted from the databases agree with the inclusion criteria related to the physical, psychological, biological and social benefits on quality of life. Conclusions: Physical activity and physical exercise interventions with a duration of 15-90 minutes in children and adolescents with ADHD can be beneficial on quality of life.

RESUMEN Introducción: El Trastorno por déficit de atención y/o hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo que afecta la calidad de vida en niños y adolescentes, y se extiende hasta la edad adulta. La literatura señala que la práctica de actividad física y ejercicio físico establece beneficios positivos para el organismo del ser humano, a nivel físico, biológico y psicológico. Objetivo: Examinar los efectos de las intervenciones de actividad física o ejercicio físico sobre la calidad de vida en niños y adolescentes diagnosticados con TDAH. Material y Método: La búsqueda de las investigaciones fueron realizadas a través de Google Scholar, Scopus, Pubmed, Scielo, Web of Science, Dialnet y Redalyc, seleccionando solo investigaciones de libre acceso en idioma español. Se consideraron los últimos 5 años para el análisis de las investigaciones, se buscaron mediante las palabras utilizadas Actividad Física y Calidad de vida en niños y adolescentes con trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad, Ejercicio Físico y Calidad de vida en niños y adolescentes con trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad, Actividad Física y Calidad de vida en niños y adolescentes con TDAH, Ejercicio Físico y Calidad de vida en niños y adolescentes con TDAH. Desarrollo: Los 8 artículos seleccionados y extraídos de las bases de datos, concuerdan con los criterios de inclusión relacionados con los beneficios en la calidad de vida físicos, a nivel psicológicos, biológicos y sociales. Conclusiones: Intervenciones de actividad física y ejercicio físico con una duración de 15 min a 90 min en niños y adolescentes con TDAH pueden ser beneficiosas en la calidad de vida.

Resumen Las infecciones nosocomiales (IN) son definidas como aquellas infecciones que se presentan 48 a 72 horas después del ingreso a un hospital en Chile, causadas por bacterias con altos niveles de resistencia antibiótica. En Chile existen muy pocos estudios en medicina veterinaria, y se utilizan muchas veces los parámetros humanos. Por esto, la investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar y evaluar la sensibilidad antibiótica de la microbiota bacteriana, potencialmente causal de IN. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal a 20 objetos en una clínica veterinaria durante el mes de junio del año 2012. Se evidenció desarrollo bacteriano en el 85 % de los elementos muestreados. Se logró aislar cepas de Staphylococcus epidermidis (50 %), Acinetobacter spp. (15 %), Enterococcus faecalis (15 %), Escherichia coli (10 %), Proteus mirabilis (5 %) y Bacillus subtilis (5 %). Se logró identificar especies bacterianas, con potencial para generar infecciones nosocomiales, con un grado medio de resistencia antimicrobiana.

Abstract Nosocomial infections (NI) are defined as those occurring within 48-72 hours after being admitted in a hospital, and caused by bacteria with high antibiotic resistance levels. In Chile there are very few studies in veterinary medicine on this issue and most of the times human parameters are used instead. Therefore, this research aimed to identify and evaluate the antibiotic sensitiveness of the bacterial microbiota potentially causing NI. A cross-sectional study was conducted using 20 objects from a veterinary clinic during June 2012. Bacterial growth was observed in 85% of the sampled objects. The isolated strains include Staphylococcus epidermidis (50%), Acinetobacter spp. (15%), Enterococcus faecalis (15%), Escherichia coli (10%), Proteus mirabilis (5%), and Bacillus subtilis (5%). Bacteria species were identified with a potential to cause nosocomial infections of medium-grade antimicrobial resistance.

Abstract The growing relevance of rental housing poses a challenge for the Chilean and Latin American housing policy, which has prioritized home ownership. In this context, this article aims to characterize tenants in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago through a cluster analysis, identifying the main types of tenants and analyzing their geographical distribution and vulnerability levels. The results show important differences between tenants, including groups with significant problems of habitability and insufficient income to cover rental expenses. Therefore, housing policy faces the challenge of acknowledging the relevance of rental housing and promoting greater security of tenure for these groups.

Resumen La creciente relevancia del arriendo plantea desafíos para la política habitacional chilena y latinoamericana que ha priorizado la vivienda en propiedad. En este contexto, esta investigación realiza una caracterización de los arrendatarios del Área Metropolitana de Santiago mediante un análisis de tipologías; identifica los principales tipos de arrendatarios para posteriormente analizar su distribución geográfica y niveles de vulnerabilidad. Los resultados muestran importantes diferencias: existen grupos con problemas de habitabilidad e ingresos insuficientes para cubrir gastos del arriendo. La política habitacional enfrenta entonces el desafío de reconocer la importancia del arriendo y promover mayor seguridad de tenencia para estos sectores.

Abstract: One of the main challenges for social integration in Latin American cities is the presence of informal settlements, where a significant percentage of the poorest urban population live. Although in Chile urban informality is less frequent than in other countries of the region, the recent growth of informal settlements bestows greater relevance to the problem. This article studies the effects on social integration and exclusion of policies aimed at informal settlements in Chile, specifically through the execution of the Programa de Campamentos or ‘informal settlements’ program’ between 2011 and 2018. Analysis considers quantitative data from Informal Settlements’ Surveys, and the study of four cases in different regions in the country focusing on strategies aimed at informal settlement closure strategies through a qualitative analysis of interviews, focus groups and walking tours. The results reveal the importance of dimensions such as affect and attachment, sense of belonging and participation in the generation of social integration, thus allowing for the discussion of perspectives on integration that are based exclusively on spatial proximity.

Resumen: Uno de los principales desafíos para la integración social en las ciudades latinoamericanas es la presencia de asentamientos informales, que alojan a un porcentaje importante de la población urbana empobrecida. Si bien en Chile la informalidad urbana es menos frecuente que en otros países de la región, el reciente crecimiento de los campamentos le otorga una mayor relevancia al problema. En este contexto, el presente artículo estudia los efectos de integración social y exclusión de las políticas dirigidas a asentamientos informales en Chile, específicamente a través del Programa de Campamentos y su ejecución entre 2011 y 2018. Para ello, se analizan los resultados de catastros de campamentos y se realiza un estudio de cuatro casos de estrategias de cierre de campamentos en diferentes regiones del país, a través de un análisis de entrevistas, grupos focales y recorridos colectivos. Los resultados relevan la importancia de incorporar dimensiones como el afecto y apego, el sentido de pertenencia y la participación en la generación de integración social, lo que permite discutir las perspectivas sobre la integración que se basan exclusivamente en la cercanía espacial.

Background: Classification of growth hormone (GH) - secreting tumors by the granular pattern might predict their clinical behavior in acromegalic patients. There are several other prognostic factors. Aim: To compare the features at presentation and cure rates of patients with GH secreting tumors according to the granular pattern, and to define independent prognostic factors for surgical treatment in these patients. Material and Methods: A retrospective, observational study of 85 active acromegalic patients surgically treated in two medical centers. Results: Seventy-four patients (87%) were classified as having densely granulated (DG) and 11 (13%) as sparsely granulated (SG) tumors. The latter were less active biochemically, had a higher rate of macroadenoma and cavernous sinus invasion and had a lower rate of biochemical cure than the DG group. Several characteristics were associated with disease persistence but only age (Odds ratio (OR) = 0.93) and cavernous sinus invasion (OR = 21.7) were independently associated in the logistic regression model. Conclusions: The sparsely granulated pattern is associated with a more aggressive behavior, but the main determinants of prognosis are age and cavernous sinus invasion.

Abstract: Current housing policies and the increased price of land hamper the construction of well-located dwellings for low-income groups in Chile. On the other hand, international recommendations propose the leasing of dwellings as a solution to the spatial segregation generated by housing policies. However, the situation of tenants and the activity of leasing as well as the housing policies involved in this sector have been scarcely explored in Chile and Latin America. The case study of the port district of Valparaíso, a site characterized by the development of this type of tenure -where more than 90 percent of dwellers are tenants- explores and describes the subjective dimensions of tenancy associated with attachment and the sense of belonging to the place of residence and the neighborhood, which transcend the type of land ownership. This paper analyses the characteristics of tenancy, which is understood as a specific type of residential vulnerability within a context marked by social production at a neighborhood scale and the pressure exerted by urban renewal and gentrification initiatives.

Resumen: Con la actual política habitacional del país y el encarecimiento del valor del suelo, es cada vez más difícil implementar vivienda bien localizada para sectores de bajos ingresos en Chile. Por otro lado, existen recomendaciones internacionales respecto al arriendo como solución a los patrones de segregación espacial que la política de vivienda ha promovido. Sin embargo, los análisis sobre el arriendo y los arrendatarios, como también las políticas públicas vinculadas a este sector, han sido escasos en Chile y Latinoamérica. A través de una lectura de un caso particular, el Barrio Puerto de Valparaíso, que presenta más de un noventa por ciento de arrendatarios y una tradición en este tipo de tenencia de la vivienda, se exploran y describen las dimensiones subjetivas del arriendo vinculadas al arraigo, los sentimientos de pertenencia al hogar y el barrio, más allá de la condición de propiedad del suelo. El artículo releva las características del arriendo, entendido como una situación particular de vulnerabilidad residencial en un contexto específico de producción social del espacio a escala barrial y de presiones por renovación urbana y gentrificación.

Abstract Economic and financial liberalization reforms, in most Latin American countries, have led to a radical change in the structure of material production in the region. In this context, this paper aims to identify and characterize the link between the growth trends of the main Chilean cities and the evolution of their urban labor markets, seeking to clarify whether the labor structure has been undergoing a process of urbanization or not. Specifically, the hypothesis is that, although the analyzed cities are different regarding their specialized regional economies, the structures of the labor markets tend to undergo a process of homogenization, increasingly marked by urban dynamics and involving a process of internal differentiation of the urban social structure.

Resumen Las reformas de liberalización económica y financiera en la mayoría de los países de América Latina, provocaron un cambio radical en la base de producción material en la región. En este contexto, este trabajo pretende identificar y caracterizar el vínculo entre el crecimiento de las principales ciudades chilenas y la evolución de sus mercados laborales urbanos, buscando responder si estamos en presencia o no, de un proceso de urbanización de la estructura laboral. Específicamente, la hipótesis es que, a pesar de que las ciudades analizadas se distinguen en función de economías regionales especializadas, las estructuras de los diversos mercados laborales tienden a un proceso de homogenización, asociados a una dinámica eminentemente urbana y arrastrando con ello a la estructura de diferenciación social.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever um algoritmo reprodutível para o tratamento cirúrgico das complicações da bolha de início tardio (>2 meses) após trabeculectomia com mitomicina-C. Métodos: Revisão retrospectiva de olhos que foram submetidos a um algoritmo reprodutível para o tratamento cirúrgico das complicações da bolha de início tardio por um único cirurgião, de julho de 2006 a abril de 2014. Os critérios de exclusão foram revisão de bolha com menos de 3 meses de seguimento ou revisão de bolha combinado com outro procedimento antiglaucomatoso no momento da cirurgia. O sucesso foi avaliado pelo método de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier e definidos como ter atingido todos os seguintes critérios: indicação de cirurgia primária resolvido, nenhuma cirurgia adicional necessária para diminuir a pressão intraocular (IOP), IOP ≥6 mmHg e ≤18 mmHg. Resultados: Vinte e três olhos de 20 pacientes foram incluídos. Indicações para revisão bolha foram maculopatia hipotônica (47,8%), extravasamento da bolha (30,4%) e bolha elevada (21,7%). A taxa de sucesso do resultado primário global calculada pelo método de sobrevivência de Kaplan-Meier foi de 65,2% aos 48 meses. Quando a IOP foi diminuída para ≤15mmHg, a taxa de sobrevivência bolha foi de 47,8% em 48 meses. Na visita pós-operatória mais recente, 95,7% dos olhos apresentavam PIO ≤15mmHg e 56,5% estavam sob tratamento com uma média de um medicamento por olho. Um olho (4,3%) necessitou de uma segunda revisão da bolha para hipotonia persistente e dois olhos necessitaram cirurgia de antiglaucomatosa para reduzir a IOP durante o seguimento. Conclusões: Um algoritmo de abordagem para o tratamento cirúrgico das complicações tardias da bolha com uma taxa de sucesso semelhante aos relatados na literatura especializada é proposto. Ensaios clínicos randomizados são necessários para confirmar a melhor abordagem cirúrgica.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of this study was to introduce a reproducible algorithm for the surgical management of late-onset (>2 months) bleb complications after trabeculectomy with mitomycin C. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of eyes treated using a reproducible algorithm approach by a single surgeon for the surgical management of late-onset bleb complications from July 2006 to April 2014. Exclusion criteria were bleb revision with less than 3 months of follow-up or bleb revision combined with other glaucoma procedures at the time of surgery. Success was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier survival method and defined as achieving all of the following criteria: primary surgery indication resolved, no additional surgery required for decreasing the intraocular pressure (IOP), and IOP of ≥6 mmHg and ≤18 mmHg. Results: Twenty-three eyes from 20 patients were evaluated. Indications for bleb revision were hypotonic maculopathy (47.8%), bleb leak (30.4%), and dysesthetic bleb (21.7%). The overall primary outcome success rate calculated using the Kaplan-Meier survival method was 65.2% at 48 months. When the IOP target was changed to ≤15 mmHg, the bleb survival rate was 47.8% at 48 months. At the most recent postoperative visit, 95.7% of eyes had an IOP of ≤15 mmHg and 56.5% were being treated with an average of one medication per eye. One eye (4.3%) required a second bleb revision for persistent hypotony and two eyes required glaucoma surgery to reduce IOP during follow-up. Conclusions: An algorithm approach for the surgical management of late-onset bleb complications with a success rate similar to those reported in specialized literature is proposed. Randomized trials are needed to confirm the best surgical approach.

BACKGROUND: Tear desiccation on a glass surface followed by transmitted-light microscopy has served as diagnostic test for dry eye. Four distinctive morphological domains (zones I, II, III and transition band) have been recently recognized in tear microdesiccates. Physicochemical dissimilarities among those domains hamper comprehensive microscopic examination of tear microdesiccates. Optimal observation conditions of entire tear microdesiccates are now investigated. One-μ! aliquots of tear collected from individual healthy eyes were dried at ambient conditions on microscope slides. Tear microdesiccates were examined by combining low-magnification objective lenses with transmitted-light microscopy (brightfield, phase contrasts Ph1,2,3 and darkfield. RESULTS: Fern-like structures (zones II and III) were visible with all illumination methods excepting brightfield. Zone I was the microdesiccate domain displaying the most noticeable illumination-dependent variations, namely transparent band delimited by an outer rim (Ph1, Ph2), homogeneous compactly built structure (brightfield) or invisible domain (darkfield, Ph3). Intermediate positions of the condenser (BF/Ph1, Ph1/Ph2) showed a structured roughly cylindrical zone I. The transition band also varied from invisibility (brightfield) to a well-defined domain comprising interwoven filamentous elements (phase contrasts, darkfield. CONCLUSIONS: Imaging of entire tear microdesiccates by transmitted-light microscopy depends upon illumination. A more comprehensive description of tear microdesiccates can be achieved by combining illumination methods.

The study of social differentiation in space requires significant theoretical and methodological definitions in order to address the complex relationship between space and society. In that regard, it is possible to identify different lines of research that claim to account for this relationship. The aim of this paper is to present an analysis of social differentiation in space in the metropolitan area of Santiago using socio- spatial typologies. The results indicate that, although it is possible to identify some general patterns that are similar when using different approaches, typology analysis can better address the social complexity of metropolitan space. Finally, this paper aims to account for the centrality of the variable occupation as a factor of social differentiation in the urban context.

El estudio de la diferenciación social en el espacio requiere de importantes definiciones teórico-metodológicas que le permitan abordar la compleja relación entre espacio y sociedad. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una metodología novedosa de análisis de la diferenciación social en el espacio en el Área Metropolitana de Santiago, utilizando tipologías socioespaciales. Los resultados indican que, si bien es posible identificar algunos patrones generales similares entre el uso de tipologías y los resultados de estudios previos basados en el análisis sintético de segregación residencial socioeconómica, la metodología propuesta permite abordar de mejor forma la complejidad social del espacio metropolitano. Además, se pretende relevar la centralidad de la variable ocupacional, entendida como un factor importante de diferenciación social en el contexto urbano, así como en el estudio e interpretación de esta relación asociada a esta metodología.

BACKGROUND: Fern-like crystalloids form when a microvolume of tear is allowed to dry out at ambient conditions on a glass surface. Presence of crystalloids in tear "microdesiccates" is used to evaluate patients with Dry-Eye disease. This study aims to examine morphologically the desiccation process of normal tear fluid and to identify changes associated with accelerated tear evaporation. Tear microdesiccates from healthy (Non-Dry Eye) and Dry Eye subjects were produced at ambient conditions. Microdesiccate formation was monitored continuously by dark-field video microscopy. Additionally, accelerated desiccation of tear samples from healthy subjects was conducted under controlled experimental conditions. Particular morphological domains of tear microdesiccates and their progressive appearance during desiccation were compared. RESULTS: In normal tear microdesiccates, four distinctive morphological domains (zones I, II, III and transition band) were recognized. Stepwise formation of those domains is now described. Experimentally accelerated desiccation resulted in marked changes in some of those zones, particularly involving either disappearance or size reduction of fern-like crystalloids of zones II and III. Tear microdesiccates from Dry Eye subjects may also display those differences and be the expression of a more synchronous formation of microdesiccate domains. CONCLUSION: Morphological characteristics of tear microdesiccates can provide insights into the relative rate of tear evaporation.